Exploring the detection performance of coherent Doppler wind lidar (CDWL) under different meteorological conditions is of great significance for the network observation of aviation meteorological equipment. Using the CDWL deployed at Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport, combined with aviation routine weather reports and meteorological data from the National Centers for Environmental Information of the United States, this study analyzed the effects of different cloud cover and daily cumulative precipitation on the effective detection range and signal-to-noise ratio of the CDWL, and further explored the dynamic impacts of visibility and precipitation weather phenomena on the detection performance of CDWL through typical observation cases. The experimental results show that under non precipitation conditions, the effective detection distance and signal-to-noise ratio of CDWL show a decreasing trend with the increase of cloud cover and the decrease of visibility, and the case analysis shows that, when the visibility is less than 3 km, the effective detection range of CDWL decreases significantly, with a detection range of only 2–4 km. While under precipitation conditions, the intensity and spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of precipitation will affect the detection performance of CDWL, and the case analysis shows that under weak precipitation intensity, the suppression of intermittent precipitation on CDWL detection performance is more significant than that under thunderstorm conditions, and even under heavy rainstorm conditions, CDWL can still maintain a detection range of 2 km.