A method is proposed to analyze the influence of the aerosol particles on the backscattering echo from a microscopic point of view. Based on the Mie scattering theory, a Monte Carlo simulation model is established to simulate and analyze the aerosol backscattering echo by the transmitting and receiving coaxial lidar. The influence law of the aerosol particle size, real part and imaginary part of the complex refractive index on the peak intensity, signal delay and waveform broadening of backscattering echoes is obtained. The effect of the simultaneous action of multiple macroscopic properties caused by the microscopic properties on the backscattering echoes is analyzed as well. The results show that the backscattering signal intensity mainly depends on the scattering coefficient and the asymmetry factor. The echo delay and pulse width are related to the scattering coefficient. As the real part of the complex refractive index increases, the backscattering echo intensity increases, while the echo delay and pulse width decrease first and then increase, but the influence is relatively small. With the increase of the imaginary part of the complex refractive index, the backscattering echo intensity decreases first and then increases, but the imaginary part has no obvious influence on echo delay and pulse width.