A substantial number of pottery artifacts dating from the Song-Yuan to the Ming-Qing dynasties have been unearthed at the Songjingqiaonan site in Lumu, Suzhou. This study selected pottery and soil samples for analysis using a ceramic densitometer, X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, X-ray diffractometer, and thermomechanical analyzer (TMA), complemented by historical literature review, to scientifically investigate their basic properties, body composition, phase composition, and firing temperature. The findings indicated that these potteries were fired from iron-rich, easily fusible clay. During the Song-Yuan period, potteries were predominantly made from locally sourced materials, whereas those from the Ming-Qing period utilized mainly lacustrine alluvial sandy silt clay. The physical properties of the Ming-Qing era potteries were superior compared to those of the Song-Yuan period. These potteries featured firing temperatures ranging between 1025 °C to 1125 °C (±10 °C), thus classified as high-temperature potteries. Potteries from the Song-Yuan period were fired in an oxidizing atmosphere, while during the Ming-Qing period, the firing atmosphere for Golden bricks was reducing but the firing atmosphere for cricket pots followed an oxidation-first-then-reduction process. Additionally, the carbon infiltration technique was skillfully applied.