Numerous studies have demonstrated that vertical graphene coatings on material surfaces can significantly reduce the secondary electron yield, with the maximum secondary electron yield typically occurring at incident electron energies in the range of hundreds of electron volts. Under actual electron beam irradiation conditions, the microstructure of vertical graphene undergoes complex dynamic evolution processes. These structural changes exhibit diverse characteristic patterns, leading to varying degrees of alteration in secondary electron emission properties, with distinct underlying mechanisms. To systematically investigate the influence of electron beam irradiation parameters on the microstructural evolution of vertical graphene and its secondary electron emission characteristics, employing a combined approach of theoretical simulation and experimental verification, this study has independently designed and developed a dedicated electron beam irradiation system specifically for vertical graphene research.