A spectrometer is one of the most important testing instruments that can directly reflect the spectral information of materials as it determines the existence and composition of substances. It is crucial in fields such as material characterization and analysis. Owing to the widespread application of spectral analysis technology in various fields, the limitations of conventional spectrometers have become increasingly apparent, particularly in terms of miniaturization, integration, and cost reduction. In recent years, the computational reconstruction spectrometer has garnered significant attention owing to its small size and low hardware cost. Silicon photonics technology, owing to its mature manufacturing processes, high integration, and excellent performance, provides a new approach to achieving miniaturized, low-cost chip-based computational reconstruction spectrometers. This article reviews the research progress of computational reconstruction spectrometers based on silicon photonics technology, with emphasis on their operating principles, key components, and spectral reconstruction algorithms. Silicon photonics technology provides researchers with various spectral sampling units and encompasses multimode waveguides, linear coherent networks, reconfigurable optical networks, programmable filters, etc. It offers the advantages of high integration, wide spectral range, and high resolution. Its miniaturization potential and new material applications expand its functions, thus rendering it suitable for environmental monitoring, food safety, and medical diagnosis, particularly in portable health monitoring. This review is anticipated to provide a comprehensive reference and inspiration for researchers in the field as well as offer guidance for the further research and application of silicon photonics technology.