The Tangchaodun site is situated in Qitai County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, along a critical transportation route of the Land Silk Road. To reveal the manufacturing techniques and origins of low-temperature glazed wares unearthed from this site during the 12th-14th centuries CE, we analyzed their chemical composition and microstructure using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The results indicate that these sherds can be divided into glazed pottery and fritware, with glaze types including lead glaze, lead-alkali glaze, and alkali glaze. Lead glazed pottery exhibits green (copper) and yellow (iron) colors. The pottery with a low-Al glaze type is coated with a slip containing pyrophyllite, likely sourced from West Asia, whereas the pottery with a high-Al type originates from north China. Turquoise lead-alkali glazed pottery shows a distinct West Asian style, colored by copper without the use of tin-based opacifiers or slip. The opacifying effect is achieved through Mie scattering caused by diopside, quartz, and bubbles in the glaze. Alkali glazed fritware features blue and black; the underglaze-black contains chromite, and its low manganese content suggests raw materials sourced from northeast Iran. The study provides important evidence for the trade networks and cultural exchanges of low-temperature glazed ceramics along the Land Silk Road during the 12th to 14th centuries CE.