Residual stress in metal Selective Laser Melting (SLM) components, stemming from the inherent repeated thermal cycles, large temperature gradients, and non-uniform microstructures during additive manufacturing, is a critical issue. This study employs a heat transfer model and a crystal plastic finite element model, coupled with temperature and microstructure fields, to investigate the impact of various process parameters on the temperature field and grain size residual stress field of 316L stainless steel SLM components. The results show that in the SLM process, when the laser spot passes through the representative region, the stress concentration area appears near the molten pool and gradually expands to the surrounding area. The average residual stress is mainly tensile stress along the scanning direction and transverse direction, while tensile stress and compressive stress are similar along the construction direction. With the increase of laser power or the decrease of scanning speed, the molten pool volume and the average residual stress increase. Double track intersect scanning compared to double track parallel scanning, the molten pool volume in the second scanning is larger and the average residual stress is smaller.