The excellent filtration performance of electrospun polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes stems from their outstanding properties such as fine fiber diameter, large specific surface area, small pore size, high porosity, good internal pore connectivity of the fiber membranes, and stable chemical performance. On the premise of summarizing the microstructure and properties of PTFE and analyzing the filtration mechanism of PTFE fiber membranes, the various technical researches on enhancing the filtration performance of PTFE fiber membranes guided by market demand are analyzed emphatically. Finally, the future technical research is prospected.