Decontamination is one of the important links of nuclear and biochemical protection. Using laser cleaning technology as decontamination means has the unique advantages of high decontamination efficiency, low support requirements, no decontamination agent pollution and so on. It can avoid the disadvantages of water + decontamination agent and other traditional decontamination methods, such as large logistics burden, corrosion equipment, restricted service environment and so on. Laser cleaning technology is a new research field of nuclear and biochemical decontamination. In this paper, the development history and research progress of laser cleaning technology are summarized. The research and application of laser cleaning technology in the decontamination of toxic and harmful substances, such as radioactive dust, chemical agents and biological agents, are summarized. Laser decontamination is effective for pollutants on a single substrate, but the laser decontamination parameters of different decontamination objects and pollutants need to be further studied. Laser cleaning, as a new method, has a good prospect in the field of nuclear and biochemical cleaning. Finally, the research and development of laser cleaning in the field of nuclear and biochemical decontamination are prospected.