7050 aluminum alloy fastener holes were strengthened by laser shock peening with Nd: glass pulse laser and pulse duration 30ns. The means of hardening fastener holes were laser shock peening on the dog-bone fatigue specimens before drilling fastener hole on the center of shocked areas, then fatigue testing was carried out under random loading spectrum of plane. The data of experiments show that: the fatigue life of fastener hole on specimens via laser shock peening is 1.5 times higher than those without peening, and the fractures show multiple fatigue crack sources is located under the surface. The density of dislocation in treated surface case is much higher than base material, because of the ultra-high plastic strain during laser shock peening. Distribution of compressive residual stress, relative low degree of cold work and high-density dislocation are conducive to fatigue performance. The results of study show that the laser shock peening can effectively improve the fatigue life of small-size fastener hole.