Laser machining is a processing technique that utilizes the properties of laser beams interacting with matter to cut, weld, surface treat, punch and micro-process materials. The research progress, application prospects, and development trends of various laser processing techniques were examined in typical aviation structural materials, including nickel-based alloys, aluminum alloys, titanium alloys, and high-strength steels. The impact of different processing methods on the quality of processing and forming was summarized. The characteristics of laser processing technologies such as welding, cladding, cleaning, cutting, and additive manufacturing were compared and analyzed. The significant advantages and existing problems of laser processing technology in the field of aviation structural components were summarized, and its future development and application were discussed.