With the vigorous development of new-generation information technologies, such as artificial intelligence and 5G communication, the efficient and low-energy storage of large-scale data have become a research hotspot. Optical storage has been extensively studied due to its characteristics such as large storage capacity and long lifespan. The algorithm used for data extraction is vital for data storage because it directly affects the bit error rate and recognition speed in data storage. To further improve the accuracy and speed of optical storage data reading, a multidimensional optical storage data reading image detection algorithm based on Sobel filtering is proposed in this study. Photos are preprocessed using Sobel and 2D filterings to suppress interlayer crosstalk between adjacent data layers in multidimensional optical storage. A lattice grid is drawn using connected regions and classification algorithms, and data are identified by analyzing the complex image features of a single grid. Experimental results show that this algorithm reduces the error rate of multidimensional optical storage to 0.3% and improves the data reading accuracy and recognition speed. Furthermore, it possesses important application value in the fields of optical storage and image recognition.