Concerning the problem of current low indoor positioning accuracy and high deployment cost, this paper proposes a visible light communication/improved pedestrian dead reckoning (VLC/IPDR) smartphone-based particle filtering fusion indoor positioning technology. The method fist decodes the image information of the light emitting diode (LED) light source captured by the smartphone CMOS camera to determine the LED area of the point to be located. Second, the specific position information is determined according to the illuminance model and the direction angle obtained by the mobile phone gyroscope. Finally, the position coordinates obtained by VLC are used as the observation values, and IPDR is used as the state transition equation of particle filtering, the particle filter is used to fuse the two for joint positioning. Experimental results show that the average positioning error of this method is less than 6 cm under a small space of 3 m×3 m×3 m and a single light source, the average positioning error of this method is less than 0.2 m in the multi motion mode positioning test on the vertical intersection path of 120 m and 45 m.