A distributed phase-stabilized frequency transmission system implemented over a ring fiber-optic link is proposed. Through phase self-sensing and optoelectronic cooperative compensation, frequency signals precisely twice the central station's reference is recovered at remote stations, achieving multi-node distributed phase-stabilized frequency transmission. The system architecture employs a ring topology with replicable receiver modules, enabling phase self-sensing and real-time synchronization at remote stations. By implementing optoelectronic cooperative compensation at the central station, the system demonstrates significant improvement in phase stability across distributed nodes. An experimental setup of a 40 km fiber-optic link is constructed to perform multi-node phase-stabilized transmission, and it is compared and evaluated against traditional compensation methods. With measured results indicating less than 1 ps peak-to-peak timing jitter and optimal frequency stability of 9.762×10?1?@1000 s. The cooperative compensation scheme achieves a remarkable root mean square (RMS) of timing jitter of about 0.11 ps, outperforming both optical delay line (0.1742 ps RMS) and electronic phase shifter (0.2128 ps RMS) approaches, confirming its enhanced capability for precision frequency signal distribution in ring-based fiber networks.