In comparison with civil image sensors, those employed in aerospace applications exhibit superior precision, stability, reliability and durability. These sensors must be capable of withstanding extreme environmental conditions, including temperature, pressure and radiation, necessitating the use of specialised materials and intricate structures. Recently, image sensors for aerospace applications have undergone significant advancements, establishing themselves as a crucial component in a multitude of space missions. They have been aptly described as the "retina" of modern information systems, serving as the primary means of capturing images. This paper focuses on image sensors for aerospace applications. Through synthesizing domestic and international literature and related reports, it highlights the current research status of CCD and CMOS image sensors in a number of fields, including earth observation, aerial observation and spacecraft control. It also discusses the challenges and development trends of image sensors for aerospace applications.