Ceramic materials have excellent properties, but their surface qualities are poor. The surface quality of ceramic materials can be effectively improved using short-wavelength laser polishing technique. Experiments are conducted according to existing different forms, such as melting, vaporization, micro-cracks, splashes of molten material and photochemical effects etc, while ultraviolet (UV) laser is polishing Al2O3 ceramics. Through observing polished surface morphology, the mechanism of UV laser polishing Al2O3 ceramic is studied, and the morphology, adhesive force, elementary composition and main crystalline phase of white powder in high energy density are analyzed. The mechanism of UV laser polishing Al2O3 ceramics is further confirmed.