Fingerprints contain both morphological and biochemical information, making them one of the most critical pieces of physical evidence for personal identification in crime scene investigations. While traditional fingerprint identification methods can only reveal morphological features of latent fingerprints, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) offers a novel molecular spectroscopy technique characterized by high sensitivity, simplicity, and rapid analysis. This technique plays a pivotal role in fingerprint visualization and biochemical component detection. This study reviews the latest advancements in SERS-based detection of exogenous and endogenous fingerprint components over the past decade. Additionally, it explores future prospects for SERS in fingerprint analysis, aiming to provide a certain reference for related research, as well as for criminal investigation and case handling.