In order to improve the positioning accuracy of the positioning systems based on One-Dimensional Angle of Arrival (1-D AOA) measurement, this paper proposes an optimal observation station deployment method based on the Improved Chicken Swarm Optimization (ICSO) algorithm. Firstly, the trace minimum of the Cramér-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB) is adopted as the optimization criterion to establish the optimal solution model. Secondly, in order to solve the high-dimensional variable problem caused by a large number of observation stations, the updating strategy of the Chicken Swarm Optimization (CSO) is improved. Finally, ICSO is used to optimize the locations of observation stations and the orientation of the linear array. The simulation results show that:1) ICSO has higher convergence speed and higher positioning accuracy in optimal station deployment solving; and 2) The proposed optimal station deployment method can significantly improve the positioning accuracy under different numbers of observation stations, and the dependence of positioning accuracy on the number of observation stations can be reduced by optimizing the location of observation stations in engineering practice.