Phase is an important parameter of light waves, but it cannot be directly observed. Based on the characteristics of Hartmann detectors that can detect wavefront rapidly, this paper studies the method of optical phase three-dimensional display and design an experimental system. Firstly,the parameters of optical system such as light sources and collimating lenses are optimized using Zemax software. Secondly, based on the modal method of wavefront reconstruction and Zernike polynomial defocusing and astigmatism coefficient, the method of the phase three-dimensional display is studied and the measuring instrument is developed. Three different lenses are measured with this instrument and realize the three-dimensional display, and the corresponding diopter measurement method is given. Finally, the experiment verifies the validity of three-dimensional display of light wave phase and diopter measurement, -2.00 D for a -2.07 D myopia lens, 0.91 D for a 1.00 D hyperopia lens, and 0.56 D for a 0.50 D astigmatism lens. The experimental results indicate that this system can approximately measure the diopter of the refractive correction lens and achieve three-dimensional display of the phase. The phase three-dimensional display instrument designed based on Hartmann detectors in this paper has better environmental adaptability and is convenient for researchers to visually observe the phase distribution of light.