In optical systems, wavefront distortion caused by misalignment of optical components and atmospheric turbulence is the main source of wavefront aberration. The presence of wavefront aberrations affects the imaging quality of optical systems and has a significant impact on coupling efficiency, especially in optical devices and optical communication systems that require high precision. Based on the Zernike polynomial, the influence of specific single aberration modes in optical systems, i.e., circular-symmetric aberrations, tilt-coma aberrations, astigmatism aberrations, and wavefront distortion under the influence of atmospheric turbulence, on the coupling efficiency, and prospects for their development was reviewed.