Based on basic principle of slanted-edge for on-orbit test, the slanted-edge is introduced into the short-wave infrared band. By analyzing the on-orbit test processes, ground targets with clear boundaries are selected as edge images to calculate the modulation transfer function within the cut-off frequency. The results at the Nyquist frequency in the along-track and cross-track directions are approximately 0.1. The results show that the on-orbit slanted-edge-based modulation transfer function test method can overcome the limitations of ground pixel resolution on sampling areas, which is suitable for short-wave infrared cameras with small pixel arrays and low resolutions.