The absolute distance measurement system based on dual femtosecond lasers has the advantages of high measurement precision and high update rate. However, the effect of white Gaussian noises during the measurement will result in the decrease of measurement precision. The method based on Kalman filtering technique is proposed to improve the absolute distance measurement precision based on dual femtosecond lasers. The Kalman filtering state space model is established to obtain the optimal state estimation of the distance measurement results, which can greatly reduce the measurement precision loss introduced by the stochastic process and meanwhile output the optimal estimated speed value. The experimental results show that the standard deviation of the distance measurement is reduced by nearly an order of magnitude by using the Kalman filtering technique when the target is in a statistic state. The standard deviation of the estimated speed is about 4 μm/s when the target is moving at a uniform speed.