Fruit consumption has many benefits for human health, but in the course growth, transportation and storage, fruit may contain harmful substances, these substances will pose a potential threat to human health. Therefore, it is necessary to detect harmful substances in fruits quickly and accurately. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique, as a sensitive and non-destructive detection method, has been widely studied in the detection of fruit contaminants in recent years. SERS technology can be used to detect pesticide residues, heavy metals, mold and additives in fruits. This paper introduced the principle of Raman scattering and SERS technology, as well as the application and research progress of SERS technology in the detection of common harmful objects in fruits, summarized the advantages and development trend of SERS technology in the detection of fruit safety, and discussed its limitations and challenges. It provides a new thought for the future study of SERS technology in the field of fruit harmful substances detection. Therefore, it has a strong guiding significance and practical value