This study proposes a laser quenching bionic texturing process for enhancing the wear resistance of 40Cr steel parts, based on the principles of bionics and laser technology. The physical phase, microstructure, microhardness, and friction properties of the laser quenched bionic units were analyzed, with a focus on the relationship between the spacing of bionic units and their properties. The results show that the microstructure of the bionic unit is martensite and M₇C₃, and the microhardness is increased by 275%, which has excellent soft and hard bionic structure. The friction coefficient and weight loss of the bionic quenching samples are lower than the substrate. When the spacing is 3 mm, the friction coefficient of the bionic samples is reduced by 11.07% and the weight loss is reduced by 50% with the best wear resistance. The analysis reveals that the wear mechanisms of the soft units are adhesive wear and abrasive wear, while the hard units are abrasive wear. During the friction process, the hard unit resists deformation and changes the motion of the debris; the soft unit cushions the energy and stores the abrasive chips; and it exists a wear equilibrium state. This study provides a practical basis for improving the wear resistance of 40Cr steel parts.