Protein analysis is an important method in disease diagnosis and medical research. In this paper, a single substrate liquid crystal biophotoelectric sensor is proposed for rapid detection of protein concentration. The sensor is composed of a single substrate ITO glass and a vertically oriented liquid crystal layer. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) can interfere with the orientation of the liquid crystal. The concentration of BSA can be calibrated by the brightness of polarizing microscope images under different applied electric fields to realize the sensor function. It was found that the linearity of concentration detection and the upper limit of detection were improved by setting the applied electric field, and the detection range of BSA was 10^-3~10^-7 g/mL. Furthermore, the liquid crystal cell array was prepared by photolithography on a single ITO glass substrate, and the function of multi-channel, high-throughput protein concentration detection based on a single substrate liquid crystal sensor was realized. In this paper, the single substrate liquid crystal photoelectric biosensor method has the characteristics of electric control and high efficiency, which provides a new technical scheme for the study of liquid crystal device applications.