Laser echo signal is a commonly used signal for circuit detection and transmission, and the signal strength is the key to ensure the detection effect of integrated circuits. Therefore, a method for enhancing circuit detection laser echo signal in asynchronous transmission mode of large data is proposed. The background noise of the laser echo signal is eliminated by using the multi-weight mixture distribution model. According to the communication mode of asynchronous transmission mode, a laser echo signal receiver is established to receive and retain complete signal cells. Using shaping pulse signal processing methods to complete signal accumulation and adaptive matched filtering, the enhancement of circuit detection laser echo signals in asynchronous transmission mode of large data is realized. Experimental results show that the signal enhancement results of the proposed method have high energy and spectral intensity at any wavelength.