Aiming at the problems of low signal-to-background ratio and low wavefront detection accuracy of the adaptive optical system Hartmann sensor under strong background conditions during the day, based on the difference in polarization characteristics between man-made targets and strong backgrounds, a polarized Hartmann wavefront detection technology is proposed. The traditional Hartmann wavefront detection is converted from the intensity dimension to the polarization dimension, thereby effectively improving the signal-to-background ratio and wavefront detection accuracy. The basic methods and principles of polarized Hartmann wavefront detection are described, and the correctness and accuracy of the method are verified through numerical simulations and experiments. Theoretical and numerical simulation results show that the polarized Hartmann wavefront detection technology can effectively improve the signal-to-background ratio and wavefront detection accuracy under strong background conditions, and significantly enhance the ability of the adaptive optical system to work under strong background conditions.