Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum), a precious fungus with a long history of medicinal use, faces challenges in authenticity identification and quality evaluation due to its diverse species and varying growth environments. This study integrates near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and spectral preprocessing methods to analyze G. lucidum samples from different growthenvironments in the market. By collecting and analyzing NIRS data of five G. lucidum samples, spectral preprocessing methods—including baseline correction (first-/second-order derivatives, continuous wavelet transform (CWT)) and scattering correction (multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) , standard normal variate transformation (SNV))—were applied to eliminate background noise. This enhanced the accuracy of spectral data in reflecting the intrinsic characteristics of G. lucidum, with a focus on the distribution of characteristic absorption peaks and hydrogen-containing groups in the NIRS region. The results revealed significant differences in NIRS between the stipes and pilei of G. lucidum from distinct growth environments, exhibiting unique characteristic absorption peaks and hydrogen-containing group distributions. These absorption peaks were closely associated with active components in G. lucidum, where environmental factors (e. g., temperature, humidity, light intensity) and cultivation conditions (e. g., substrates such as sawdust, wheat bran, and gypsum) were identified as key determinants of active component synthesis and distribution. Environmental factors influence growth cycles and metabolic activities, while cultivation substrates affect growth rates, mycelial vigor, biomass, and morphological parameters (stipe length, stipe diameter, pileus diameter, pileus thickness). This method provides an effective approach for the authenticity identification of G. lucidum. Its implementation significantly enhances quality control of G. lucidum products, facilitates comprehensive quality evaluation, aids in eliminating inferior products in the market, and ensures consumers select appropriate G. lucidum varieties to meet market demands.