A chromatic aberration pre-compensation scheme with dynamic adjustment ability is proposed to address the problem that chromatic aberration introduced by transmission-based spatial filters in ultrashort high-power laser systems strongly affects the focused intensity. In the pre-compensation scheme, the confocal transfer system comprises of a group of concave lenses and a reflecting system. The proposed scheme can realize dynamic precise compensation for chromatic aberration in the total system. Based on the proposed scheme, an optical path of chromatic aberration compensation is designed and established for the Shen-Guang-II 5 PW (SG-II 5 PW) laser system. The experimental results verify that chromatic aberration in the laser system can be fully corrected by accurately adjusting the pre-compensator, and the peak power density is improved significantly. A proton energy greater than 16 MeV is obtained in the proton acceleration experiment with the SG-II 5 PW laser system after chromatic aberration compensation.