To improve the accuracy of indoor visible light positioning, the received signal strength indication visible light positioning method based on Levy flight mutation mechanism combined with adaptive movement factor improved golden sine algorithm was adopted. The light-emithing diode lights on the indoor roof were arranged in a 3×3 grid, and the distance d between the unknown node and the reference node was obtained through the Lambertian model after receiving the light intensity signal. The Levy flight mutation mechanism was used to increase the diversity of the algorithm’s search space, and the adaptive movement factor is used to increase the algorithm’s convergence speed, so that individual updates were less restricted by local extreme values. The simulation shows that the average positioning error of the improved algorithm is 1cm, and the average number of iterations is 40~80. Therefore, the speed and precise positioning of the improved golden sine algorithm are improved, which is helpful for real-time and rapid positioning of large indoor places.