To achieve the high-value utilization of aluminum dross solid waste resources, this study introduced aluminum dross as a substitute material for α-Al₂O₃ in low carbon Al₂O₃-C refractory materials. Using tabular corundum, flake graphite, aluminum powder, and silicon powder as the primary raw materials, low carbon Al₂O₃-C refractory materials were fabricated. The effects of substituting α-Al₂O₃ with aluminum dross on the microstructure, oxidation resistance, erosion resistance, and thermal shock resistance of the materials were investigated. The results indicate that after carbon-buried heat treatment at 1 400 ℃, the substitution of α-Al₂O₃ with aluminum dross leads to a reduction in bulk density and an increase in apparent porosity. However, it also promotes the formation of a SiC whisker network structure inside the material, thereby enhancing the microstructure of the material. In oxidation experiments, compared to the use of α-Al₂O₃ as an additive, adding aluminum dross is more conducive to the formation of the mullite phase. After adding aluminium dross, the appropriate amount of liquid phase generated at high temperature can effectively fill the pores of the oxide layer on the material surface, thereby improving the material's oxidation resistance, erosion resistance, and thermal shock resistance. Specifically, the oxidation index decreases from 88% to 52%, the corrosion index experiences a marked reduction, and the residual strength ratio increases from 87% to 97%.