The accumulation of secondary metabolites is essential for determining the quality of traditional Chinese medicinal materials. However, as medicinal plants transition from wild growth to artificial cultivation, issues such as reduced active components and inconsistent quality have emerged. Ultraviolet radiation B（UV-B）radiation can stimulate the production of endogenous protective substances in plants, thereby influencing the synthesis of secondary metabolites. Understanding the effects of UV-B on secondary metabolite accumulation of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants, along with the associated mechanisms, has become a significant research focus. This review systematically summarized the response strategies of medicinal plants to UV-B radiation, highliting its effects on the growth, development, physiology, biochemistry, secondary metabolite accumulation, and stress tolerance induction. Furthermore, the potential applications of UV-B radiation in enhancing secondary metabolite synthesis and improving plant stress resistance are explored. Current research challenges and limitations are also discussed, offering insights for future advancements in this field. This review aims to provide a theoretical foundation for the practical application of UV-B irradiation technology in boosting secondary metabolite content and stress tolerance in medicinal plants.