Spectral detection technology has emerged as an exceptional tool due to its remarkable features, including high resolution, high sensitivity, pollution-free operation, and real-time capabilities. It plays a critical role in fields such as material analysis, quantitative detection, and monitoring of physical, chemical, and biological processes. Advances in technologies such as laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), Raman spectroscopy, and optical frequency comb spectroscopy have significantly enhanced our ability to analyze complex substances with precision and efficiency. These innovations underscore the growing importance of spectral detection in addressing challenges in environmental monitoring, resource exploration, and medical diagnostics. Rooted in the interaction between light and matter, spectral technology has expanded its applications, integrating advanced techniques to meet the demands of modern science and industry.

Over the past decade, China has made significant strides in spectral detection, driven by support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC). By funding key projects in areas such as high-resolution and ultrafast spectroscopy, the NSFC has fostered breakthroughs in both theoretical and practical applications. These advancements align with global efforts to use spectroscopy for studying rapid dynamic processes at molecular and atomic levels. A detailed analysis of NSFC-funded projects from 2014 to 2023 shows how China’s progress in spectral technology closely mirrors global research priorities, reinforcing its role in addressing strategic technological and scientific challenges.

The impact of spectral detection extends beyond fundamental research to real-world applications. It enables material analysis under extreme conditions, advancing fields such as aerospace, defense, and precision agriculture. The future of spectral detection lies in solving fundamental scientific problems, optimizing existing technologies, and developing innovative methodologies. This includes enhancing detection sensitivity, reducing detection limits, and creating compact, integrated devices that meet the rigorous demands of scientific and industrial applications.

Recent progress in spectral detection technologies has been remarkable across several subfields. For example, LIBS has benefited from the application of femtosecond pulses, which reduce matrix effects and enhance sensitivity. Raman spectroscopy has seen improvements such as surface-enhanced and resonance Raman spectroscopy, expanding its applications in biomedical diagnostics and environmental monitoring. Ultrafast spectroscopy has opened new possibilities for exploring processes at femtosecond timescales, offering unprecedented insights into molecular dynamics and electronic transitions. Optical frequency comb spectroscopy has made high-precision measurements more accessible, with applications in areas such as greenhouse gas monitoring and medical diagnostics. Additionally, terahertz spectroscopy has created opportunities in material identification, leveraging its ability to penetrate surfaces and provide distinct material fingerprints.

NSFC’s funding has played a crucial role in facilitating many of these advancements, particularly in improving spectral resolution, sensitivity, and integration into compact systems. Advances in high-resolution imaging spectroscopy, especially in remote sensing, have transformed fields such as resource exploration and disaster management. Furthermore, interdisciplinary approaches integrating artificial intelligence (AI) and big data analytics have enhanced spectral data interpretation, making analyses faster and more automated. These developments are paving the way for intelligent and adaptive spectral systems.

Spectral detection stands at the forefront of scientific and industrial innovation, with applications spanning a wide range of fields. An analysis of NSFC-funded projects from 2014 to 2023 reveals a strategic focus on developing core technologies such as high-resolution spectral imaging, compact spectrometers, and AI-enhanced spectral systems. However, challenges remain, particularly in improving device sensitivity and stability, and reducing dependence on imported components. Addressing these issues will require concerted efforts in developing indigenous technologies and strengthening supply chains.

Looking ahead, the field is poised for transformative growth. Future research is likely to emphasize exploring new spectral measurement principles, advancing multidimensional spectral imaging, and extending spectral detection capabilities to extreme conditions. Additionally, the integration of AI and Internet of Things technologies will be crucial in creating intelligent, adaptive systems capable of real-time, high-throughput analysis. Moreover, the miniaturization and portability of spectral instruments will further accelerate their adoption in fields like environmental monitoring, precision agriculture, and point-of-care diagnostics. These advancements will not only solidify the role of spectral technologies in scientific exploration but also help address global challenges across diverse sectors.