With the vigorous development of the aviation industry in China, significant progress has been made in aeroengine technology. As key components of aeroengines, the development of aeroengine blades is crucial. Real-time and accurate monitoring of the blade temperature will help promote breakthroughs in related technologies for aeroengine blades. This study proposes a temperature calibration algorithm and three-dimensional reconstruction strategy for the temperature field based on infrared temperature measurements for aeroengine blade temperature monitoring. Based on the function fitting ability of the multilayer perceptron network, the functional relationship between the precise temperature of the target point and its surrounding temperature distribution is established, and the error of infrared temperature measurement is controlled within 1.24 °C. On this basis, through an innovative projection method and 3D point cloud normal vector estimation, the position mapping from 2D infrared image to 3D space has been achieved. We achieved a three-dimensional temperature field reconstruction via single-view infrared images through a simple process without dependence on multiview images.