The elementary theory of three-dimensional (3D) nondestructively anti-counterfeiting identifiers based on liquid crystal mask was explored and a new technology of creating by laser shock wave was set up, which differs entirely from marking by laser thermal effect. The depth information of 3D identifiers is acted as anti-counterfeiting information, and a new-type and high-efficiency theory of measurement and identification on 3D anti-counterfeiting identifiers by 3D identifiers' reconstruction and binary coding is established originally. The anti-counterfeiting properties 3D identifiers are studied, which is beneficial to design and manufacturing of anti-counterfeiting identifiers.