Calcium carbonate has different crystal characteristics, which makes it play different roles in various application fields. The control of calcium carbonate crystal structure, morphology and size is a hot research topic in the preparation of inorganic materials. The preparation of nano calcium carbonate produced from calcium carbide slag can realize the transformation of waste into resource, which is one of the important research fields concerning the recycling of calcium-containing solid wastes. The controllable preparation of calcium carbonate with different crystalline structure and morphology from calcium carbide slag can make the worthless calcium carbide slag transform into high value-added nano grade products with good environmental and economic effects. The preparation methods of nano calcium carbonate from calcium carbide slag are summarized in this paper, the research progress of the control of crystal structure and morphology during the preparation process is discussed emphatically. The results indicate that, during the nucleation and growth of calcium carbonate crystals, controlling the process conditions can further achieve the regulation of crystal structure and morphology by influencing the degree of supersaturation, and the action mechanism varies from different kinds of additives. As the basis for controlling the equilibrium of the crystallization processes, thermodynamics and kinetics can be used to explain the mechanism of action of each influencing factor.