The time-of-flight (TOF)-based 3D camera is a new stereo imaging device with a small size, small error, strong anti-interference ability, and direct output of depth information. This type of camera has become a focus of research in the field of measurement and imaging. In this Review, the development history and measurement principle of the TOF camera are introduced. Subsequently, an analysis of the source and type of measurement error of the camera are presented. A comparison of the TOF technology with other mainstream 3D imaging technologies is then provided. Finally, the application and development trends of the TOF camera are described.