Aerosols are the main components of air pollutants, and ozone also has a certain impact on human health. Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) is a powerful tool for detecting the atmosphere. Ozone has a strong absorption in the ultraviolet (UV) band with a wavelength less than 320 nm. Using UV laser (with a wavelength less than 320 nm) to detect aerosols will cause mutual effects between aerosol absorption, ozone absorption, and atmospheric molecular absorption. Consequently, retrieving aerosol optical parameters from the UV LiDAR equation will be more complex than that from the visible LiDAR equation. A dual-wavelength UV LiDAR detection system was designed to obtain UV LiDAR echo signals at two wavelengths. An iterative algorithm was proposed to simultaneously invert the ozone concentration profile and aerosol optical parameter profile from the two LiDAR equations, with ozone concentration profile as the constraint condition. The calibrated three-wavelength UV ozone LiDAR of Anhui Kechuang Zhongguang Technology Co., Ltd., and the dual-wavelength UV LiDAR of our group were used to verify the correctness of the proposed inversion algorithm in the same place at the same time. The ozone concentration profiles retrieved by the two LiDARs were compared and analyzed, with a relative error less than 13%. Based on this, the designed dual-wavelength UV LiDAR detection system was used to detect atmospheric for continuous 10 h. The process involved comparing and analyzing the ozone concentration retrieved near the ground with ozone concentration detected by national control stations. The relative errors of both are less than 17.6%. The results of the two comparative experiments indicate that the proposed inversion algorithm is feasible and reliable.