With the increasing demands for precise navigation in human activities such as outdoor exploration and emergency response, traditional navigation technologies struggle to provide high-accuracy navigation in complex environments. In recent years, the atmospheric polarization navigation technology, based on polarization characteristics, has become a research hotspot due to its high environmental stability, strong anti-interference capability, and fully autonomous features. However, current atmospheric polarization navigation based on visible light wavelengths is primarily effective in clear weather conditions, showing insufficient performance and poor navigation accuracy in complex weather conditions. To solve this problem, this paper starts from the characteristics of atmospheric radiation transmission and conducts simulation calculations and field test verifications of atmospheric radiation transmission and polarization information under different cloud conditions, based on Mie scattering and the principle of Monte Carlo transmission. The results indicate that under complex cloud conditions, the 350 nm ultraviolet wavelength demonstrates higher forward scattering and transmission capabilities, providing superior detection performance. In shallow cloud, medium cloud, and thick cloud weather conditions, the degree of atmospheric polarization in the ultraviolet wavelength is higher than that in the visible wavelength by 78.57%, 168.37%, and 126.73%, respectively, and the atmospheric polarization angle images in the ultraviolet wavelength exhibit much higher structural stability and image clarity compared to the visible wavelength. The research findings of this paper can provide new insights for the application and development of atmospheric polarization navigation in complex environments.