Spectroscopic instruments are essential scientific tools used to analyze and measure the properties and characteristics of light, are widely applied in fields such as national defense, biomedicine, food safety, and product quality inspection. To meet the evolving challenges of scientific research and market demands, the design and application of spectrometers have seen significant advancements in recent years. This research analyzes the research progress of typical grating-based spectrometers, Fourier transform spectrometers, and microspectrometers, with a focus on optimization strategies for achieving high resolution, wide broadband, real-time performance, and convenience. With breakthroughs in artificial intelligence, micro-electro-mechanical systems, and nanotechnology, modern spectrometer development is moving toward greater intelligence, integration, and portability to meet the diverse demands of emerging applications, contributing significantly to scientific research and industrial development.