Through dispersing nano vesicles self-assembled by 10,12-Pentacosadiynoic acid into the tissue equivalent gel carrier, a novel radiochromic gel dosimeter was developed for the 3D dose distribution measurement. The vesicle morphology was observed by electron microscopy and the irradiation of gel dosimeter was carried out with a CO-60 source. The gel dosimeter’s dosimetry performance such as discoloration response to dose, post radiation effect, diffusion effect and et al were test and studied. The depth-dose distribution of CO-60 ray was measured by the radiochromic gel dosimeter. Results indicate that the radiochromic gel dosimeter has good linear dose response to the γ-ray irradiation in the dose range of 100-1000 Gy, and overcomes the shortage of the existing gel dosimeter such as the diffusion effect, post radiation effect and poor forming ability. The radiochromic gel dosimeter can be used to measure three-dimensional dose distribution in radiation processing, scientific experiments and radiotherapy.