Under the influence of scattering medium, in order to achieve the polarization imaging of long-distance targets, a sub-aperture transceiver integrated optical system for single-pixel polarization imaging is designed. Based on the split-aperture polarization imaging technology, each sub-aperture obtains a different Stokes vector image of the target reflection to achieve simultaneous polarization imaging. The laser collimation system is combined with the inherent intermediate gap of the sub-aperture structure, so as to realize the “integration of transceiver and receiver” of the optical system. The design field of view of the sub-aperture polarization imaging system is ±0.7°, the focal length is 20.45 mm, the working wavelength is 1 550 nm, the divergence angle of the emission system is less than 0.2 mrad, the total length of the system is less than 240 mm, and the maximum aperture of the telescope objective is 100 mm. The design results show that the received energy of each aperture of the system meets the sensitivity requirements of the detector, and the full Stokes vector of the target can be collected at the same time. Compared with the independent transceiver system, the transmitting and receiving system of this system is coaxial and eliminates the inherent declination angle, which increases the accuracy of the overall system in long-distance target detection, and the system structure is more compact.