To attain efficient particulate matter capture with ultra-low resistance, an air filtration system is constructed by applying a high voltage, comprising a charging zone and a high-voltage polarization capture zone with three-dimensional woven fabrics as the core filters. Three types of warp-knitted spacer filters (Thin 3D, Medium 3D, and Thick 3D) are used to systematically investigate the impact of fabric structure on the filtration performance. The results demonstrate that the woven-structured filters possess robust mechanical properties. Under an electric field intensity of 7.5 kV/cm, the filtration efficiencies of the three filters are 3.8 to 55.5 times greater than mechanical filtration, ranging from 51.20% to 93.90%, while maintaining an ultra-low pressure drop of 1.53 to 3.1 Pa. Among them, Medium 3D shows the most significant improvement in filtration efficiency. Further optimization of the filtration system reveals that using two stacked layers of Medium 3D fabric with a parallel-arranged-spacing-yarn model and a 100-mesh electrode achieves a filtration efficiency of 94.24% and a low pressure drop of 1.63 Pa at the same low electric field intensity (7.5 kV/cm). The corresponding quality factor could reach 1.747 2 Pa^-1, underscoring the superior comprehensive filtration performance of this system.