To study the effect of laser shock peening (LSP) on the surface properties and mechanical properties of 316L stainless steel produced by laser selective melting (SLM), the 316L samples were processed by laser shock peening for 2 impacts and 4 impacts, after which the surface roughness of the samples were analyzed by digital microscope. The surface hardness of 316L samples with and without laser shock peening was tested by Vickers hardness tester. The tensile strength and fatigue life of the sample were tested by tensile performance testing and fatigue life testing equipment. The wear resistance of the surface of the sample was tested and analyzed by friction equipment with the help of white light interferometer and digital microscopes. The results show that the surface hardness of 316L samples could be increased by 19% after LSP with 4 impacts. The fatigue life of the sample was significantly increased by laser shock peening, and the fatigue life was increased by 130% after laser shock peening with 2 impacts. The improvement of laser shock peening on the tensile strength and wear resistance of 316L stainless steel samples is not obvious.