This study used cement as the primary material to investigate the effects of mixing water temperature and proportion of hydrogen peroxide on the mechanical properties, thermal insulation, and pore structure of foamed cement. By adjusting the water temperature (40, 50, 60 ℃) and proportion of hydrogen peroxide (6%, 7%, 8%, mass fraction), cement with varying densities were prepared via the chemical foaming method. The compressive strength, thermal conductivity, and pore structure of the foamed cement were thoroughly analyzed. The results show that when the water temperature is controlled at 50 ℃ and the proportion of hydrogen peroxide is 7%, the compressive strength of the foamed cement reaches 1.93 MPa, the thermal conductivity is 0.054 1 W/(m·K), the pore distribution is uniform with a dense structure. By appropriately regulating the proportion of hydrogen peroxide and water temperature, the compressive strength and thermal insulation performance of foamed cement can be significantly enchanced. At the same time, the pore structure distribution can be optimized, and the overall performance of foamed cement can be improved.