The factors influencing the thermal insulation performance of down quilts were investigated. An analysis of the formation mechanisms and optimization paths of thermal insulation performance was conducted from multiple perspectives, including filling material properties, quilt core structure, usage and maintenance, as well as environmental and human adaptability. The results suggested that the thermal insulation performance of down quilts was closely related to factors such as down content, filling quantity, loft, down cluster size and moisture. These factors were found to play a significant role in enhancing the thermal insulation performance of down quilts. The findings can provide theoretical support for the development of high-performance down quilts.