A large number of slopes appear along the line during railway construction, which will pose a threat to railway safety operation. Slope monitoring plays an important role in ensuring the safety of railway operation. Aiming at the difficulties of sensor multiplexing, low accuracy, and large disturbance by trains, this paper proposes a railway slope monitoring method based on integrated fusion detection of inclination and vibration. Instability and failure characteristics of the K3 slope in Shuohuang Railway and dynamic characteristics under the excitation of the train load are analyzed by the finite element method (FEM) analysis. Based on the above analysis, a slope monitoring system is established utilizing the self-developed dual-parameter fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor. The monitoring data of the past four years show that the slope is in a relatively stable state at present. The monitoring data are consistent with the results of the FEM. The feasibility of the damage identification method based on inclination and vibration characteristics is verified, which provides a new method for railway slope monitoring.