To study the transmission mechanism of laser shock wave inside the 690 high-strength steel sheet, the dynamic strain induced by laser shock loaded on 690 high-strength steel sheet was simulated on the platforms of Hyperworks and LSDYNA. The experimental results were measured by a polyoinglidene fluoride piezo electric sensor. A comparison between the simulated and the experimental results was carried out. The dynamic strain model of 690 high-strength steel surface under high strain rate of pulsed laser shock and a loading model under the laser shock waves on 690 high-strength steel sheet were established. The results show that under the loading power density of 12.7 GW/cm² through changing the location of measuring position and thickness of the samples, the measured velocity of Rayleigh wave and laser shock is 3.08×10³ m/s and 3.09×10³ m/s respectively. The simulated value of the velocity of the surface Rayleigh wave was 3.24×10³ m/s, displaying significant consistency with the experimental results. Shear wave and Rayleigh wave can be separated through adjusting the power density of laser shock. The experimental results demonstrate the accuracy and reliability of the dynamic strain model of 690 high-strength steel surface loaded by the pulsed laser shock wave. The loading model of the laser shock waves can be used to describe the transmission mechanism of the laser shock wave inside the 690 high-strength steel sheet.