16 sets of parameter cladding eXperiments were conducted using orthogonal eXperiments.The hardness and friction characteristics of specimens with varying process parameters were eXamined using a microhardness tester and a friction wear in- strument.Additionally,the morphology and phase of cross- section joints were analyzed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM).The findings indicate that the powder delivery speed eXerts the most significant influence on the cladding layer I s hard- ness under the specified factors and levels.The microhardness of the optimal cladding sample is 182.9% higher than that of the substrate,resulting in an average friction factor reduction of 86.7% compared to the substrate.Moreover,there is evidence of good metallurgical bonding between the cladding layer and the substrate.