To improve the transmission capacity of optical fiber communication, few-mode fibers that can realize mode division multiplexing have become a popular research topic, where the analysis of their bending characteristics is particularly significant. In this paper, the effects of bending radius and core radius on the bending characteristics of ordinary step few-mode fibers, ring-core few-mode fibers, and elliptical ring-core few-mode fibers are analyzed using finite element modeling. Through the comparative analysis of the three performance indexes (effective refractive index, bending loss, and effective mode field area), bending loss was determined to have less influence on the effective refractive index of the three types of few-mode fibers in each order mode. With the increase in bending radius, the bending loss of the few-mode fiber tended to decrease, while the effective mode field area tended to increase. The ring-core few-mode fiber had a higher refractive index difference owing to the special core structure, and the overlap between modes of elliptical ring-core few-mode fiber was minimal. This research provides a useful reference for the structural design and optimization of few-mode fibers as well as a theoretical basis for further research on the use of few-mode fibers to achieve high-quality signal transmission.